mechanical-engineering technology

1) Engineering: manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering

2) Mechanic engineering: engineering technique, engineering techniques

3) Mechanics: engineering technology

4) Automation: mechanical-engineering technology

 There will not be any formal proceedings of the Congress.

 The policy of ASME is to publish in its Transactions a complete record of the significant and original advances in mechanical engineering technology.

1 technique, skill, expertise, know-how.

2 procedure, method.

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► nombre femenino

1 (tecnología) technique, technology

2 (habilidad) technique, method

3 (ingeniería) engineering

■ técnica mecánica mechanical engineering

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1) (=método) technique

2) (=tecnología) technology

3) (=destreza) skill

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1)

a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

2) ( tecnología) technology

3) ( en baloncesto) technical foul

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= approach [approaches, -pl.], know-how, mechanics, skill, technique, technic.

Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

Ex. What was lacking, however, was the know-how for forming and running such groups.

Ex. However, it is clear that the mechanics of searching post-coordinate indexes differ from those involved in searching pre-coordinate indexes.

Ex. However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.

Ex. Improvements in document delivery services (DDS) via the further application of techniques such as facsimile transmission will also have an important role to play.

Ex. The technic of automatic indexing indicates a list of key-words (simple and compound words) to an expert in a given field.

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* arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.

* desarrollar una técnica = develop + skill, build + skill.

* dominar una técnica = master + technique.

* técnica analítica = analytical technique.

* técnica bibliométrica = bibliometric technique.

* técnica bibliotecaria = library technique.

* técnica cluster = clustering technique.

* técnica convolucionista = convolution technique.

* técnica de apoyo = enabling skill.

* técnica de audio simultáneo = audio streaming.

* técnica de búsqueda automatizada = computer-searching technique.

* técnica de construcción = construction technique.

* técnica de diseño = design technique.

* técnica de encuadernación = binding technique.

* técnica de fabricación = construction technique.

* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.

* técnica de incidencias = critical incident technique.

* técnica de investigación = research technique.

* técnica Delphi, la = Delphi technique, the.

* técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.

* técnica de navegación = navigational technique.

* técnica de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match technique.

* técnica de recuperación por medio de la lógica difusa = fuzzy IR technique.

* técnica de repografía = reprography technique.

* técnica de vídeo simultáneo = video streaming.

* técnica documental = document-handling technique.

* técnicas de composición escrita = writing skills.

* técnicas de estudio = study skills.

* técnicas de proyección = forecasting techniques.

* técnicas de redacción = writing skills.

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1)

a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

2) ( tecnología) technology

3) ( en baloncesto) technical foul

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1 (método) technique

2 (habilidad, destreza) skill

conduce con mucha técnica she's a very skilful driver

B (tecnología) technology

avances de la técnica advances in technology

electronic technology

hydraulic technology

C (en baloncesto) technical foul

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a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

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técnica nf

1. [procedimiento] technique;

en Florencia aprendió la técnica pictórica del fresco in Florence he learned the fresco technique;

tiene mucha técnica she has very good technique, she's very skilful

técnicas de venta sales techniques

2. [tecnología] technology;

los grandes avances de la técnica great advances in technology

3. [en baloncesto] technical foul;

el árbitro le pitó una técnica al entrenador the referee blew the whistle for a technical foul by the trainer

4. ver técnico

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1 technique

2 en baloncesto: infracción technical foul

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técnica nf

1) : technique, skill

2) : technology

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técnica n technique

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

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Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.

Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.

Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.

He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

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D.T.N.Williamson was educated at George Heriot's School, Edinburgh, and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh and electrical engineering at Heriot-Watt College (now Heriot-Watt University), Edinburgh. He joined the MO Valve Company in London in 1943 and worked in his spare time on improving the sound reproduction for gramophones, and in 1946 invented the "Williamson Amplifier".

That same year Williamson returned to Edinburgh as a development engineer with Ferranti Ltd, where he was employed in developing computer-controlled machining systems. In 1961 he was appointed Director of Research and Development at Molins Ltd, where he continued work on computer-controlled machine tools. He invented the Molins System 24, which employed a number of machine tools, all under computer control, and is generally acknowledged as a significant step in the development of manufacturing systems. In 1974 he joined Rank Xerox and became Director of Research before taking early retirement to live in Italy. Between 1954 and 1979 he served on numerous committees relating to computer-aided design, manufacturing technology and mechanical engineering in general.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.

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1) General subject: engineering, engineering design

2) Engineering: advance planning

3) Mathematics: project engineering

4) Information technology: mechanical engineering, preliminary design

5) Sakhalin energy glossary: D & D (design and development), definition engineering, design and development (D & D)

6) Programming: detailed design

7) Sakhalin R: detailed engineering, front end engineering

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology, Steam and internal combustion engines

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A don of the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in Paris, Rateau joined the French Corps des Mines in 1887. Between 1888 and 1898 he taught applied mechanics and electro technics at the Ecole des Mines in St-Etienne. Trying to apply the results of his research to practise, he became into contact with commercial firms, before he was appointed Professor of Industrial Electricity at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in Paris in 1902. He held this position until 1910, although he founded the Société Anonyme Rateau in Paris in 1903 which by the time of his death had subsidiaries in most of the industrial centres of Europe. By the middle of the nineteenth century, when the increasing problems of ventilation in coal mines had become evident and in many countries had led to several unsatisfactory mechanical constructions, Rateau concentrated on this problem soon after he began working in St-Etienne. The result of his research was the design of a centrifugal fan in 1887 with which he established the principles of mechanical ventilation on a general basis that led to future developments and helped, together with the ventilator invented by Capell in England, to pave the way for the use of electricity in mine ventilation.

Rateau continued the study of fluid mechanics and the applications of rotating engines, and after he had published widely on this subject he began to construct many steam turbines, centrifugal compressors and centrifugal pumps. The multicellular Rateau turbine of 1901 became the prototype for many others constructors. During the First World War, when he was very active in the French armaments industry, he developed the invention of the automatic supercharger for aircraft engines and later diesel engines.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

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The son of a Hamburg merchant, he studied mechanical engineering at the Polytechnikum in Zurich and was engaged in constructing a railway line in Hungary and Austria before he returned to Switzerland. At Airolo, where the Gotthard tunnel was to commence, he designed a hydraulic rock drill; the pneumatic ones, similar to the Ingersoll type, did not satisfy him. His drill consisted of two parts instead of three: the hydraulic motor and the installation for drilling. At the Sulzer company of Winterthur his first design, a percussion drill, in 1876, was developed into a rotary drill which worked with greatest success in the construction of various railway tunnels and also helped to reduce costs in the mining industry.

His Hamburg-based firm Brandt \& Brandau consequently was soon engaged in many tunnelling and mining projects throughout Germany, as well as abroad. During the years 1883 and 1895 Brandt spent time in exploration in Spain and reopening the lead-mines in Posada. His most ambitious task was to co-operate in drafting the Simplon tunnel, the construction of which relied greatly on his knowledge and expertise. The works began several years behind schedule, in 1898, and consequently he was unable to see its completion.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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He was educated at the Zurich Polytechnic, with Clausius being among his lecturers. He spent some time at a locomotive works and in 1868 went on to teach at the Munich Polytechnic. He became a director of a refrigeration company, where he was employed from 1879 until 1892, during which time he took out many patents in refrigeration technology. Among these was one for the ammonia compressor in 1876; this was probably the most important. His interests turned again to research and he went to the Munich Technische Hochschule, where he worked on the liquefaction of gases, including air. He designed plant for the liquefaction of air on a commercial scale, establishing the successful foundation of a whole new industry.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Mining and extraction technology

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Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.

Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m²) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.

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SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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A free black, he was the son of Vincent Rillieux, a white engineer, and Constance Vivant, a quadroon. The family was prosperous enough to send him to France to be educated, at the Ecole Centrale in Paris. There he studied engineering and later taught mechanical engineering, developing a special interest in thermodynamics and steampower. In 1830 he devised a vacuum evaporation system with industrial possibilities, but he was unable to interest any French firms in the device. He therefore returned to New Orleans and ob-tained his first patent in 1843. Two years later he was able to have the evaporation system installed on a plantation to refine sugar. It soon demonstrated its worth, for planters were able to recoup the cost of the plant within a year through raised production and reduced operating costs. It came to be the generally accepted method for processing sugar-cane juice, and the price of refined sugar fell so that white sugar ceased to be a luxury food for the rich.

Rillieux's patents protected him from repeated efforts to counterfeit the process, which thus earned him considerable wealth. However, because of increasing hostility and discriminatory laws against blacks in New Orleans, he did not long enjoy it and he returned to France, taking up the study of egyptology.

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1) (scienza) mechanics sg, (attività tecnologica) mechanical engineering

2) (meccanismo: di orologio, congegno) mechanism

1) (scienza) mechanics sg, (attività tecnologica) mechanical engineering

2) (meccanismo: di orologio, congegno) mechanism

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Herreshoff, or, as he was known, Captain Nat, was seventh in a family of nine, four of whom became blind in childhood. Association with such problems may have sharpened his appreciation of shape and form; indeed, he made a lengthy European small-boat trip with a blind brother. While working on yacht designs, he used three-dimensional models in conjunction with the sheer draught on the drawing-board. With many of the family being boatbuilders, he started designing at the age of 16 and then decided to make this his career. As naval architecture was not then a graduating subject, he studied mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While still studying, c.1867, he broke new ground by preparing direct reading time handicapping tables for yachts up to 110 ft (33.5 m) long. After working with the Corliss Company, he set up the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, in partnership with J.B.Herreshoff, as shipbuilders and engineers. Over the years their output included steam machinery, fishing vessels, pleasure craft and racing yachts. They built the first torpedo boat for the US Navy and another for the Royal Navy, the only such acquisition in the late nineteenth century. Herreshoff designed six of the world's greatest yachts, of the America's Cup, between 1890 and 1920. His accomplishments included new types of lightweight wood fasteners, new systems of framing, hollow spars and better methods of cutting sails. He continued to work full-time until 1935 and his work was internationally acclaimed. He maintained cordial relations with his British rivals Fife, Nicholson and G.L. Watson, and enjoyed friendship with his compatriot Edward Burgess. Few will ever match Herreshoff as an all-round engineer and designer.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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After an education in Newark and London in radiocommunications and radar, Hounsfield volunteered and served in the RAF during 1939–45. He was a lecturer at Cranwell Radar School from c.1942 to 1945. From 1947 to 1951 he undertook further study in electrical and mechanical engineering, and in 1951 he joined Electrical and Musical Instruments (EMI) Ltd, where he led the design team for the first British all-transistor computer (EMIDEC, 1959). In 1969–72 he invented and developed the EMI computerized transverse axial tomography scanner system of X-ray examination; this, while applicable to other areas of the body, particularly permitted the elimination of difficulties presented since the earliest days of X-ray examination in the examination of the cranial contents.

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